I like to have one form for editing data and another for viewing data - which is maybe bad or maybe not. But in such case, you would not display any records on the "edit" form, unless they are available to be edited. So as noted, you would filter the form and not display the data at all unless it is within the last day.
If you have the ability for the user to see all records for all days, but only want them to be able to edit for the last day, I think it would be tricky. Probably you will need to have a before_update event that checks your criteria and if it fails, then abort the transaction and let the user know that the record cannot be updated with a message. Hopefully they will quickly learn - only records within the last day can be changed.
I suppose a way to combine the two possibilities might also be to have two subforms, or form + subform, one that shows display records for viewing and another that shows records that can be updated. Or you might try to do something fancy with the actual rows themselves - but in that case, I leave it to you to play around or others to suggest.