Assuming that the letters are not separated by a space, comma, etc., try the following formulas that need to be confirmed with CONTROL+SHIFT+ENTER...
Case-sensitive:
=SUM(IF(FREQUENCY(CODE(MID(A2,ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&LEN(A2))),1)),CODE(MID(A2,ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&LEN(A2))),1))),1))
Case-insensitive:
=SUM(IF(FREQUENCY(CODE(MID(UPPER(A2),ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&LEN(A2))),1)),CODE(MID(UPPER(A2),ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&LEN(A2))),1))),1))
Note that if the text string contains numbers they'll be evaluated as well.
Hope this helps!